1. A BRIEF HISTORYPeanuts are food plants such as shrubs from South America, specifically from Brazil. Planting was first performed by the Indians (Native Americans). The Americas planting grown by immigrants from Europe. Peanut was first entered Indonesia in the early 17th century, brought by the Chinese and Portuguese traders. Another name for peanuts is peanut una, suuk, jebrol beans, nuts bandung, tuban bean, pea chole, nuts banggala. His English is peanuts "peanut" or "groundnut".
2. TYPES OF PLANTSSystematics peanuts are as follows:Kingdom: Plantae or plantsDivision: Spermatophyta or seed plantsSub Division: Angiospermae or seed enclosedClass: Dicotyledoneae or two seeds into piecesOrder: LeguminalesFamily: PapilionaceaeGenus: ArachisSpecies: hypogeae Arachis L.; Arachis tuberosa Benth.; Arachis guaramitica Chod & Hassl.; Arachis idiagoi Hochne.; Arachis angustifolia (Chod & Hassl) Killip.; Arachis villosa Benth.; Arachis prostrata Benth.; Arachis helodes Mart.; Arachis marganata Garden.; Arachis namby quarae Hochne.; Arachis villoticarpa Hochne.; Arachis glabrata Benth. Varieties of cultivated peanut superior farmers usually upright and short-lived type (early maturing). High yielding varieties of groundnut are marked with the following characteristics:a)High yield.b)Short lifespan (early maturing) between 85-90 days.c)The result is stable.d)Resistant to major diseases (rust and leaf spot).e)Tolerant to drought or muddy soil.Peanut varieties famous in Indonesia, namely:a)Nuts Brul, short-lived (3-4 months).b)Chinese peanuts, long-lived (6-8 months).
c)Nuts Holle, a mixed type from crosses between varieties available. Holle nut can not be equated with nuts "Alert" because different varieties.3. BENEFIT PLANTIn industry, it is used as a material for making cheese, butter, soap and cooking oil. The byproduct of the oil can be made cake (dregs beans dipipit / taken oil) and is made by fermentation of the fungus oncom. Benefits besides leaves made of raw vegetables or boiled, also used as animal feed and green manure. As food and animal feed highly nutritious, peanut fat (40.50%), protein (27%), carbohydrates and vitamins (A, B, C, D, E and K), it also contains minerals such as Calcium , Chloride, Ferro, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and Sulphur.4. PLANTING CENTERAt the international level initially centered peanuts in India, China, Nigeria, the United States and Gombai, then spread to other countries. In Indonesia peanut concentrated in Java, North Sumatra, Sulawesi and has now grown in Indonesia.5. GROWTH CONDITIONS5.1. Climatea)Rainfall is suitable for peanut crops between 800-1300 mm / year. The rain is too hard will result in loss and is not terserbuki flowers by bees. In addition, the constant rain will increase the humidity around the peanut crop.b)Temperatures for the peanut crop is not too difficult, because the minimum temperature for the growth of peanuts around 28-32 oC. When the temperature is below 10 ° C causes stunted plant growth slightly, even so stunted growth due to less than perfect flowers.c)Humidity for peanut plants ranged from 65-75%. The existence of high rainfall will increase the humidity too high around the planting.d)Irradiation full sun is needed for the peanut crop, particularly fertility and the development of large bean leaves.5.2. Growing Mediaa)The type of soil suitable for groundnut crop is the kind of loose soil / light textured and lush.
b)The degree of acidity of the soil suitable for cultivation of peanuts is a pH between 6.0 to 6.5.c)Lack of water will cause the plant thin, stunted, wilt and eventually die. Required water plants derived from springs or water sources that exist around the planting site. And berserasi well drained soil or land that is not too muddy and not too dry, good for growing peanuts.5.3. The AltitudeThe height of a good and ideal for peanut crop is at an altitude of between 500 m asl. Certain types of peanuts grown in a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally.6. GUIDELINES CULTIVATION6.1. Nurseries1) Requirements for SeedTerms of seeds / seedlings of good peanuts are:a)Derived from the new crop varieties.b)Ability to grow is high (over 90%) and healthy.c)Seed coat shiny, no wrinkles and blemishes.d)Pure or mixed with other varieties.e)The water content of seeds ranges from 9-12%.2) Preparation of SeedPreparation of peanut seeds include the following:a)Generative seeds (beans).b)Seeds should be stored in dry and tightly closed cans.c)Good seed stored in the dry state is constant.d)Seeds obtained from Seed or Seed breeder who has been appointed by the Central Seed Certification.e)Estimated seed needs to follow the following formula:B = a x b x c kg100 x p x qB = weight of seed (kg)a = Number of seeds / hole;b = Seeds per-1000 seeds (g)c = Location to be planted (ha)p = distance between rows (m)q = distance in the line (m)
6.2. Media Processing Plant1)PreparationMeasurement of land is very useful to know how many seeds are needed. Land conditions selected must be tailored to the requirements of peanut plants.2)Land OpeningLand clearing is essentially clearing of all kinds of weeds (plants bullies) and the roots before planting. Purpose of clearing land to plant roots growing ease and eliminating host plants for pests and diseases that may be present. Piracy is done by farm animals, such as buffalo, cow, or even a tractor engine. Cultivation carried out on the sides that are difficult to reach by the plow and harrow devices until the land is ready for planting.3)Formation of bedsTo facilitate the setting pembedengan planting in accordance with a predetermined size, ie for rather steep slope sufficient spacing of 0.5 m and for land that is not so oblique can be between 30-40 meters. As for the flat land, wide beds is 10-20 meters or 2 x 10 meters. The thickness of the beds between 20-30 cm.4)CalcificationTo raise the pH of the soil, especially on lands that are highly acidic, liming needs to be done. The dose used for liming when piracy was 1 to 2.5 ton / ha and stir until evenly mixed. No later than one month before planting.5)MiG-biological fertilizer 6PLUS when pratanam (3hari before planting).Give MiG-6PLUS biofertilizer on the surface of the land by way of spray / sprinkle evenly, the required dose is 2 liters per hectare. On dry land, the application of MiG-6PLUS preferably in the afternoon.6)FertilizationFertilization is to add nutrients that plants need. The type and dosage of fertilizer per hectare is recommended Urea = 60-90 kg plus TSP = 60-90 kg plus KCl = 50 kg. All doses given fertilizer at planting time. Fertilizers incorporated on the right and left drill and drill holes were made approximately 3 cm.
6.3. Planting Techniques1)Cropping Pattern DeterminationPatterns of plant should pay attention to the seasons and rainfall. In the soil, the seeds planted peanuts in the array with a spacing of 40 x 15 cm or 30 x 20 cm. In infertile soil can be planted closer together is 40 x 10 cm or 20 x 20 cm.2)Hole Making PlantPlanting hole made by the drill as deep as 3 cm distance as defined above.3)How PlantingChoose a bean seed that has been qualified high quality seeds. Put one or two grain seeds into the planting hole with thin soil. The best planting time is early dilahan dry rainy season, in the paddy fields can be conducted in April-June (crops I) or in July-September (crops II). As for the land openings to prior rhizobium inoculation (seed inoculant is mixed with a dose of 4 g / kg) and then direct seed planted at least 6 hours.6.4. Plant Maintenance1)StitchingStitching done when there are seeds that died or did not grow, for replanting time the sooner the better (after the others seem to grow ± 3-7 days after planting).2)WeedingWeeding is done to avoid pests and plant diseases. Also the plants are grown not compete with weeds (weeds) at the age of 5-7 days.3)PembubunanPembubunan done by collecting the soil in the rows to form mounds that form elongated along the rows of plants.4)FertilizationFertilization is done with the type and the recommended dose of fertilizer ie Urea = 60-90 kg / ha plus TSP = 60-90 kg / ha plus KCl = 50 kg / ha. All doses of fertilizers and fertilizer at planting included single hole left right size.5)MiG-6PLUS fertilizer at the time of maintenance at the age of 3 weeks and 6 weeks after planting, when using medium-or long-lived seeds (90-120hari), additional fertilizer MiG-6PLUS at the age of 9 weeks. Giving each of 2 liters per hectare.
Providing solutions MiG-6PLUS in soil around the roots.6)Irrigation and WateringIrrigation, the soil remains moist. To keep moisture in the dry season given mulch and flowering plants when watering is not done, because it can menggganggu pollination.7)Time Pesticide SprayingSpraying to expel or eradicate plant pests should be done in the afternoon or evening. Drugs used and dose according to the type of pests that attack crops.8)Other MaintenanceOther things that really support the maintenance factor could be done, as long as it does not require significant costs, such as pruning, propagation, maintenance of buds and flowers and fields of environmental sanitation (kept to support plant health).7. Pests and diseases7.1. Pesta)UretSymptoms: eat the roots, stems and pods of the lower plants eventually wilt and die. Control: simultaneous planting, weeding intensive, infected plants removed and destroyed uret.b)Colored caterpillarSymptoms: folded leaf yellowing, finally dries. Control: 15 W5C Azodrin spraying insecticide, Sevin or Sevin 85 S 5 D. c) Caterpillars grapyak Symptoms: caterpillars eat the leaf epidermis and the bone in groups. Control: (1) clear the weeds, planted simultaneously, crop rotation, (2) spraying insecticide Lannate L, Azodrin 15 W5C.c)Caterpillars spanSymptoms: attack the leaves of peanuts. Control: spraying insecticide Basudin 60 EC Azodrin 15 W5C, Lannate L Sevin 85 S.d)SikadaSymptoms: sucking fluid leaves. Control: (1) simultaneous planting, crop rotation, (2) spraying insecticide Lannate 25 WP, Lebaycid 500 EC, 5D Sevin, Sevin 85 S, Supraciden 40 EC.e)Leaf beetle
Symptoms: The leaves seem hollow, leaves and bones, also eat flower buds. Control: (1) simultaneous implantation, (2) spraying Agnotion 50 EC, 15 W5C Azodrin, Diazeno 60 EC.7.2. Diseasea)WiltControl: spraying Streptonycin or Agrimycin, 1 hectare requires 0.5 to 1 liter. Agrimycin the solubility of 200-400 liters / ha.b)Devil broom diseaseControl: plants removed, discarded and destroyed, all host plants cleaned (sanitation).c)Leaf spot diseaseControl: spraying a slurry Bardeaux 1% or Dithane M 45 or Deconil the plant finishes flowering, spraying intervals of 1 week or 10 days.d)Mosaic diseaseControl: spraying with a fungicide regularly from 5-10 days once the new plants grow.e)Disease gapongControl: didangir land and sought nematodanya, then was given DD (Dichloropane Dichloropene 40-800 liters / ha per application.f)Disease SclertiumControl: burning plants attacked by the fungus.g)Rust diseaseControl: infected plants removed and burned and all the vectors of transmission must be eradicated.8. HARVEST8.1. Characteristics and HarvestHarvesting groundnut crop species that depend on short lifespan ± 3-4 months and 5-6 months ± longevity. The characteristics of the peanut is harvested, among others:a)Stem starts to harden.b)Leaf yellowing and sebabian falling, pods already contains a full and loud.c)Color blackish-brown pods.8.2. How to Harvest
Revocation of plants, and picking pods (fruits) kept clean and dried in the sun, choose when required to do so on the seed and storage, can be marketed for direct consumption or can be directly created various types of food products.8.3. Estimated ProductionTotal production of a normal harvest in unit area, eg for one hectare of normal production ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 tons of dry peas.9. Postharvest9.1. CollectionCollect stover peanut plants strategically placed.9.2. Sorting and ClassificationDivide the old pods and pods are young to be separated by degrees ketuaannya, then the selection of damaged or rotten pods for disposal.9.3. Storagea)Storage in the form of dried peas, dried peas input into burlap sacks or cans tightly closed and stored in warehouse storage dry place.b)Storage in the form of dried beans.c)Peel the dry peanut pods by hand or peeler peanut. Drying (DTY) groundnut seeds until the water levels of 9% and then enter into the container.9.4. Packaging and TransportationPackaging can be done for the raw product / raw peas in plastic wrap per 10 kg. Can also be packaged cake or form cooked food like boiled peanuts, roasted peanuts and various types of peanut cake. To transport the principle that pentuing commodity condition is not damaged or changed from the quality that had been prepared.10. STANDARD PRODUCTION10.1.Ruang ScopeProduction standard peanut planting include: classification, quality requirements, sampling method, test methods, marking requirements, packaging and rekomondasi.10.2.DiskripsiThe quality standards of peanuts in Indonesia listed in the Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-3921-1995.Terms 10.3.Klasifikasi and Quality
Peanuts are classified into three types of quality: Quality First, Quality II and III qualitya) general terms1. Pest free.2. Foul odor free, sour, musty and other foreign odors.3. Free of chemicals such as insecticides and fungicides.4. It has a normal temperature.b) Special Conditions quality groundnut seed (wose)1. Maximum water content (%): the quality I = 6; Quality II = 7; quality III = 8.2. Maximum broken grains (%): the quality of I = 0; Quality II = 1; quality III = 2.3. Maximum grain split (%): the quality of I = 1; Quality II = 5; quality III = 10.4. Other colors maximum grain (%): the quality of I = 0; Quality II = 2, III = 3 quality.5. Grain wrinkles maximum (%): the quality of I = 0; Quality II = 2, III = 4 quality.6. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality of I = 0; Quality II = 0.5; quality III = 3.7. Diameter: 8 mm minimum quality I; Quality II minimum 7 mm; quality 6mm maximum III.c) Special Conditions quality groundnut pods (logs)1. Maximum water content (%): the quality I = 8; quality = 9; quality = 9.2. Maximum Impurities (%): the quality of I = 1; Quality II = 2, III = 3 quality.3. Maximum wrinkled peas (%): the quality of I = 2; Quality II = 3; quality III = 4.4. Damaged pods Maximum (%): quality of I = 0.5; Quality II = 1; quality III = 2.5. Seed pods of the maximum (%): the quality of I = 3; Quality II = 4; quality III = 5.6. Minimum Yield (%): the quality of I = 65; Quality II = 62.5; quality III = 60.To get the peanuts are subject to the terms, then it should be done a couple of tests, namely:a)Determination of the presence of pests and diseases, odors conducted by organoleptic except for chemicals by using the senses of sight and smell, and assisted with the equipment and how obtained.b)Determination of the damaged grains, grains of other colors, dirt and grain sides done by hand with tweezers. The percentage of other color grain, broken grain, grain split, shriveled grain and dirt are set based on the weight of each component compared with the weight of 100%.c)Determination of diameter by using a dial caliper gauges.d)Determination of seed moisture content should be determined by means mouture electronic tester that has been calibrated or by distillation with toulen (AOAC 9254). To measure the water content, peanuts peas skin should be peeled first, then beans measured soil water content.
e)Determination of the temperature with a thermometer.f)Determination of aflatoxin levels.Examples 10.4.PengambilanSamples are taken randomly square root of the number of sacks, with a maximum of 30 bags of each party goods. Then from each sack taken a maximum of 500 grams of sample. Examples are stirred / mixed so evenly, and then divided by four and two diagonal sections taken, the way this is done several times until it reaches the sample weighing 500 grams. This example is sealed and labeled for analysis, weight analysis for the bean instance wose 100 grams and 200 grams of peanut logs. Sampling officer must qualify the people who have experienced or trained in advance, and have a bond with a corporate body and has a certificate issued by the competent authority.10.5.PengemasanPeanuts are packed in jute sacks or other suitable material strong and clean and mulutnyadijahit, netton each sack weighing a maximum of 75 kg, and hold experience of handing both loading and unloading. On the outside of the sack (except in bulk form) written with safe material that does not fade with clearly legible, among others:a) Production of Indonesia.b) The area of origin of production.c) the name and quality of goods.d) Name of company / exporter.e) gross weight.f) net weight.g) Number sacks.h) Purpose.
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